Why did the Nazis hate Jewish people to the point of committing genocide?
The Jewish Holocaust didn’t exactly happen because of “hate.” That would imply that the Nazis acted out of some emotional frenzy. It is more accurate to say that the Nazis came to exterminate the Jews because they accepted an outlandish philosophy that the Jews were a “disease” that made Germany “sick” and therefore there was a rational, scientific obligation to wipe them out just as a society would want to wipe out a harmful bacterium.
The genocide of the Jews was the end result of a gradual process that began with a desire to make Germany a place for only those of German bloodline, and ended with extermination because of a mindset that in order for Germany to live, the Jews must die. It’s a long story but it can be summarized in this way:
The Germans had a long history of feeling that the Jews were “different” from them (partly because of the writings of Martin Luther; partly because Jews had traditionally been confined to ghettos and therefore were in fact “different” because of their lack of interaction with Germans). Along with this was the concept that the Jews caused “bad luck” (“The Jews are our misfortune” was a Nazi slogan). Hitler, with his obsession with German “racial purity” (which didn’t actually exist because there is no “pure” German race), believed that the presence of Jews diluted and weakened “German blood” (especially in the case of Jewish-German marriages). Hitler also blamed the Jews for Germany’s loss of World War I: he believed (wrongly) that German Jews did not support Germany’s war effort.
Jews were also “over-represented” in Germany’s cultural and professional life: the percentage of Jewish doctors, lawyers, musicians and actors was much higher than their percentage in the population, because Jews tend to excel in these fields. But under the Nazis, this over-representation was seen as threatening.
Once Hitler took power, he strove to “separate” Jews from Germany’s business and social life: this led to outlawing Jews from holding civil service jobs and jobs in journalism, teaching and the arts. Boycotts of Jewish-owned businesses were encouraged by the Nazis. Big corporations were pressured to expel Jews from management positions; the Nazis forced some Jewish-owned businesses, like newspapers, to sell out to the Nazis for pennies on the dollar.
“German unity” was an obsessive theme in the early period of Nazi rule. The loss of WWI was a traumatic event for Germans, and the French occupation, the loss of German colonies, and the severe economic depression that followed was equally traumatic.
The Nazis emphasized to the German people that in order for them to “unify,” one of the things they needed to do was to get rid of the unwanted elements of German society: Communists, anti-social types (vagrants, drunks, the mentally ill), and especially Jews. Why “especially” the Jews? Because the Germans believed that the Jews had an almost supernatural power to undermine society. While this sounds crazy, the average German believed it.
As the Jews became socially isolated, the Nazis sought to deport them so that Germany would be “just us,” a term the Nazis used a lot. But deporting Germany’s 300,000 Jews was not easy; very few countries were willing to take any Jews, and those that did, like the USA, would not accept many.
While most Germans agreed generally that the Jews were a “problem,” every German knew at least one Jew who was an “exception,” and the Nazis were inundated with requests from “loyal” Nazis to leave their favorite Jew alone. Josef Goebbels complained about this in his diary, which was found after the war.
There were also certain Jews who had some limited degree of protection, particularly those who were married to Germans, and decorated veterans from the first World War. However, even the veterans were eventually shipped to concentration camps (during WWII), and Jews in “privileged marriages” lost their protection if their German spouse died or divorced them.
The Nazi government was not sure how much persecution of the Jews the German public would accept, so the Nazis took gradual steps. In each case, the German people surprised the Nazis by how willing they were to turn on their former friends and neighbors who were Jewish. And this willingness encouraged the Nazis to take further steps.
09 November 1938 was a turning point. On 07 November 1938, a Jewish teenager living in Paris shot a German diplomat as revenge against the German government for deporting his parents from Hanover, Germany into Poland. The diplomat died two days later. Josef Goebbels, Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda, seized on the opportunity to whip up the German people into a violent collective punishment against German Jews. A long night of murder, arson, and the destruction of Jewish businesses, homes and synagogues ensued, and became known as “Kristallnacht” (“night of broken glass”). The Nazis forbade policemen to protect Jews and their property.
Although many Germans were offended by this night of wild vandalism and arson, they curiously felt that the Jews had brought it on themselves; that they deserved it. And when Hitler and his top cronies saw that neither the German people nor the Western nations would do anything about it, this emboldened them to step up their persecution of the Jews.
But it was not until after the Germans started WWII in September 1939 that Hitler saw new options in regard to the Jews. After Poland was quickly defeated, that country was used as a “dumping ground” for most of Germany’s remaining Jews (those who had not left voluntarily or been previously deported). “Dumping” the Jews into Poland also meant isolating them into ghettos where not enough food would be permitted to keep all the Jews alive. Still, throughout 1940, murders of Jews by Nazis were not part of a grand scheme.
It was only when Germany invaded Russia in June 1941 that the concept of mass extermination of the Jews developed into government policy. The war, with its mass killing of Russians and “partisans” (civilians fighting against the Nazis), provided extra “cover” for mass killings of Jews. The Nazis “sold” the idea of killing Jewish civilians to the Army on the grounds that Jews were a “security risk.”
Extermination of entire villages full of Jews began with the adult men. The Nazis were concerned about how their own soldiers would react. It took some adjusting on their part. But once they ‘got used to it,’ Jewish women and children were included as well. The Nazis went from one Polish, Ukrainian and Russian village to the next, rounded up the Jews, and shot them.
Killing millions of people is much more difficult than the Nazis initially believed. Many German soldiers suffered physical and mental problems caused by killing unarmed civilians, especially children. So ways were sought to reduce the exposure of German soldiers to the Jews they were killing.
“Gas vans” were invented that fed the exhaust into the back of the van. Jews were loaded into the vans and were driven around until they died from suffocation. But the vans held only about 30 people at a time — not an efficient way to kill millions.
Eventually the idea came up to build large, stationary gas chambers, and bring the Jews to them. A chemical disinfectant marketed as Zyklon B — crystallized prussic acid — also known as cyanide — was put into use at Auschwitz. Other killing centers such as Treblinka used the exhaust from diesel engines.
The general German public knew that the Jews had been taken from their midst, but they didn’t know exactly what happened to them. Rumors, however, were all over the place. German soldiers wrote letters home, and some even sent photos, about the massacres of the Jews. Most Germans, however, preferred not to think about it. They themselves were suffering from Allied bombings of their homes and places of work.
Contrary to popular belief, many Germans had mixed feelings about the deportation and killing of the Jews. Many felt that the destruction of German cities by Allied bombs was the revenge of the Jews; others felt that had the Jews not been deported, the Allies would not have bombed German cities for fear of killing the Jews; still others felt that the Jews should have been kept as “hostages” to protect German cities from being bombed.
On the other hand, German police battalions and killing squads (the “Einsatzgruppen”) assigned to murder Jewish villagers actually believed that every Jew, down to the infants, was part of a “world wide Jewish conspiracy” against Germany and that the babies were as dangerous (and guilty) as adults. This was the result of Nazi propaganda.
So this is how the Holocaust happened: gradually, in phases, beginning with the sense that Germany would be a happier, healthier place if it belonged exclusively to Germans, and if the Jews, who caused bad luck, were someplace else.
What is happening culturally in China that can account for their poor reputation as tourists or immigrants elsewhere in the world?
I am from Hong Kong and this is most Hong Konger’s explaination of why China’s tourist has poor reputation. I will try to give my list of somewhat history and concise summary of what happened to China since 1920s and how it made China’s tourist receive such terrible reputation.
1) During the Chinese Culutral Revolution that began in 1966 Chairman Mao called for a mass revolution of not only culture and tradition, but also morals and principles. Intellectuals were put in “reforming” prisions. Books were burned, especially Lao Zi and Confucius. Children were encouraged and sometimes forced to report their own parents who disagreed with the government, who were intellectuals, who were hiding wealth from the government. Mao also standardized all salary, resulting in nation-wide unwillingness to work and compete because there is no reason and motivation to compete anymore. IMO Every single thing that Mao did destroyed China’s thousand’s of years of tradition, culture, history, and values.
2) Since the Glorious Revolution, China suffered immense proverty due to rationing, lack of innovation, and lack of a competitive market. Mao encouraged people to grow farms and food and then in return take away the food and ration it. During the Revolution there were numerous droughts and famine and an estimated 30 million or more died. People were eating bark from trees, grass, dirt, sawdust just to fill their stomach.
3) When you grow up in such a impoverished environment you become very selfish and disregard other people’s values and perspective of you. But the problem is, it wasn’t just one generation of children growing up during the Revolution and Famine, it was 2, 3 generations living under it. This caused all principles to be abandoned. Parents teach their children how to survive, when you have to survive you don’t care about anyone.
4) After Mao’s Death and the advent of Deng Xiao Ping, things changed. Deng opened up China’s market, allowed some more freedom, allowed political and reforming prisoners to leave, encouraged intellectuals to study. Many historians and Hong Kongers regard Chairman Deng as the most important changing force that led to China raise to superpower during the 21st century as he led China’s economic reform. During Deng’s era, China saw an large growth in economics and production.
5) After Deng, China’s economics sped forward like a stallion. Though still communism, each Chairman continued to reform China’s infrastruction, economic ties, and technological advancement. Most would say that this is currently China’s Economic Golden Age. People became wealthy really quickly. There were many investments into textiles, metal, technology. But a such rapid economic and industrial growth had a down-side: the government and regulations simply couldn’t keep up, hence, all the polluted rivers and air, and pesticide, herbicide, toxic heavy metal poisoning. These things are all side effects of rapid growth. In addition, without ethics and principles, many factories begin to cheat people out of money buy creating fake baby powder, fake eggs. Many food in China are fake and is toxic buy can be produced at a cheap price. That is also a side-effect of growth, Corruption.
6) With all these economic growth. The Poor became rich really quickly. Not just rich, but WEALTHY. What happens when you have a massive about of poor people with nothing, no culture, little morals and ethics, and suddenly had an unlimited about of money? They splurged and hoarded daily necessities because they still have their mentality of survival, however, they didn’t realize the whole environment has changed. They did everything on impulse to survive or simply because they never had such luxury. So they binge drink, binge eat, buying out all the expensive liquor. Honestly, it human instinct. if you never had anything, and suddenly you can have anything, Yea, most people would just go and try and buy all sorts of luxurious items.
7) This leads to my explaination why so many people do not like Chinese tourist. Because of Mainland Chinese’s sudden bloom of economic wealth, they begin to travel to places like Francis, Hong Kong and enjoy the luxuries. But a main problem is they were never taught the proper etiquette of being wealthy. Unlike Poor areas of China, other countries that were well developed have civil codes, culture, etiqutte, which Mao has erased from most Chinese. So when mainland Chinese travel to act like total foreigners, and just try and buy expensive things, not understand its underlying history, culture, and meaning.
8) The mass influx of Chinese new blue bloods, also caused massive fluctuations in local markets. Mainland Chinese start hoarding and buying out luxuries such as vintage wines, dried albalone, shark fin, etc. Sometimes they even buyout baby powder and food because China’s food is heavily polluted. This caused massive changes in local economies world-wide, suddenly there is a HUGE demand with no supply. What should originally be $80 HKD, became $180 HKD. What should be a luxury, dried albalone/ shark fin that middle-class can enjoy once or twice a year for $5,000/$10,000HKD (respectively) became $10,000/$28,000 HKD (respectively). You see what is happening – the residual effects of Mao’s revolution can be seen today because people were not educated about ethics, principles, respect for other, etc. This is reflected on mainland CHinese’s behaviors and reflected upon China’s reputation across the world.
9) This are some of the most inherent societal problems that resulted in China’s infamous tourism reputation. But it can all be changed with time and education.
10) Keep in mind, I only stated some factors that contributed to China’s poor reputation and some of these factors are from my opinions and speculations through reading and observation. There are many other factors. It may seem I am critical on mainland Chinese because I am, at times, ashamed to call myself Chinese as I would have to associated myself with such reputation. Which is another reason why most people from Hong Kong calls themselves “Hong Kongers” and not “Chinese”.
TlDR – Mao’s Revolution transformed China and brought about the erasing and abandoning of almost all Chinese cutlural, morals, ethics, and values. Famine and poverty caused people to further abandon these civil codes and created a generation of surviver. Deng Xiao Peng came and brought about economic reform – CHina’s economy and industry grew very rapidly; poor people became very rich. The poor who have been deprived of luxury suddenly had a taste, human instinct took over leading to relentless binging affect local economies and creating resentment. In addition to lack of education and lost of cultural heritage and values, Chinese acquired their infamous reputation as terrible tourist.
Who were the Khmer Rouge and what did they do?
The Khmer Rouge was a communist revolutionary government in Cambodia in the mid/late 70’s. It was founded by a group of largely western-educated Cambodians who entirely rejected concepts of the free market and individual liberties. Instead, they attempted to construct an entirely self-sustaining nation through a rigid regime of top-down social engineering. This included the abolishment of banking, finance, currency, and some religions. People living in urban areas were (often forcibly) moved to the rural areas of the country to work in agriculture (again, often against their will). It was a bold and frankly inhuman stab at what could conceivably be called a “classless” society. In all, an estimated 1 to 3 million people (out of a population of slightly over 8 million) perished as a result of the policies of his four-year premiership
The genocide came in a number of forms, which included but were not limited to:
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Famine. The urban workers relocated to the fields knew nothing about agriculture, so land was not nearly cultivated to its full potential, resulting in mass famine almost immediately after the regime took control.
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Disease. The Khmer Rouge believed that the country should be autonomous in all respects, including medicine. If the country did not have the resources to produce a certain drug, that drug was entirely unavailable (at least to the non-ruling class). As a result, thousands died to common and preventable diseases.
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Execution and reeducation. Violations of the regime’s anti-capitalist tenets were generally punishable by death. If you hoarded food, you could be executed. If you harvested wild crops, you could be executed. If you traded for a profit, you could be executed. Naturally, if you ever spoke out (publicly or privately) against the regime or its principles, you could be executed. Needless to say, corporal punishment was doled out without judicial process. Additionally, torture and execution were doled out on those suspected of being an enemy of the regime. This included anyone with material ties to the former government, many people with college-level educations, individuals of other ethnic backgrounds (including Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai), virtually any practicing religious person, anyone unable to grow their assigned crops (at quotas well in excess of those achievable before the regime took power), almost anyone who spoke English or French, and even people who simply wore glasses.
In short, it was an attempt to reboot civilization (sans capitalism) and establish a society without wealth or class. As explained above, the Khmer Rouge did not tolerate non-believers well.
Brother No 2 : A shocking interview with one of Cambodia’s most high-profile killer
What happened to the documentary stations (History, Discovery, TLC, Nat Geo) that caused them to focus on reality TV in lieu of documentaries?
Many cable channels are created to fulfill a specific programming niche, and their name is Exactly What It Says ]— the Golf Channel shows golf, the Game Show Network shows Game Shows, and so on.
Some channels, however, are not as wedded to their original concept as others. Meddling executives look at the demographics to whom their channel appeals and decide that, hey, since the people watching their Speculative Fiction channel are mostly 18-31 males, and Professional Wrestling is hot among that demographic, surely no one would mind if they started showing pro-wrestling!
The fans of the original programming will mind, of course, but the channel tends to keep going regardless. This may show up with only a couple of odd programs in the schedule, but far too often, given enough time, a channel will have pretty much abandoned its original concept. Whether or not the former invariably leads to the latter is a subject for debate.
Since the network is strongly impacted by the ratings, and the highest ratings go to generally the same few demographics, this tends to lead to networks becoming more and more like each other, either in similar programming or outright airing the same shows.
Some changes can be chalked up to the changing landscape of TV. As the number of channels goes up, networks re-align themselves to try and hold some of their market. That, or the parent companies who might own seven or more cable channels each shuffle stuff for “synergy” or to reduce redundancy. Competition with new media is prevalent as well — classic reruns give way to DVD box sets (and the real killer, Netflix and similar streaming services), music-video channels give way to YouTube and iPods, and info-dumping all-text channels give way to the data display in a digital cable box, smartphone apps (once again, the real killer) or some new-fangled webernet site. Other times, it’s just shifting to whatever the network feels will attract the biggest audience — and the audience that lets them charge the most for ads (especially the lucrative young adult demographic, needless to say).
Depending on the network and how the decay is carried out, changing concepts can be either good or bad for the channel. If the Network Decay works out, it may expose the channel to thousands, if not millions of new viewers, who would normally never watch the network in the first place. Or perhaps the earlier direction just was not working out and the network made changes in order to get better and more profitable programming. Furthermore, there are several good shows floating around in Development Hell that wouldn’t stand a chance of getting picked up unless a network decides to spread its wings. If the decay doesn’t work out, however, then it can create a Broken Base among the channel’s viewers, and can throw the network into a Dark Age. Even if the decay works, the expanded viewership would come for naught for the various programs now squeezed out of the network’s scheduling – once again, pointing out that good and bad can come of it, depending on the viewer.
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