How do the people who run bets on sports make money? How do they protect themselves if too many people make a high reward bet and it wins?
Bookies do two things when arranging bets to make money. First, they try to make even odds so that there are equal numbers of people on both sides of the bet. Second, they make it so the odds don’t quite even out and there will be money leftover for the bookie.
For example, say a bookie is taking bets on a football game between the Texans and Cowboys. If too many people are betting for the Cowboys, the bookie will adjust the point spread to encourage more people to vote for the Texans. They keep doing this until people are betting on both sides evenly. They also make it so that you have to bet something like $110 to win $100. Now let’s say 10 people bet on the Cowboys and 10 on the Texans and they all bet $110. That’s $2,200 total. The Texans win with the point spread. The bookie pays each person who bet on the Texans $210 – the original $110 back plus the $100 they won. That’s $2,100 he has to pay out total. The bookie gets to keep the leftover $100. Put another way, each Cowboys bettor put up $110. $100 of that goes to each person who bet on the Texans for winning and $10 is leftover of the bookie.
Since there are an equal number of bets on both sides, the math works out the same no matter who wins.
– TellahTheSage
Why do Amish think that 17th century had an ideal technology for a pure Christian life?
The Amish do not universally shun modern technology, it can vary between groups and communities. There are Amish who drive cars and use voicemail. That being said, they have a tendency to not immediately accept new technology automatically. Rather, to them they place a high value on community, family, and separation from the world at large. And in assigning these values primacy, they deliberate on whether a new piece of technology will be a benefit to them, or detrimental. For instance, a phone may be considered detrimental, because you rely on it instead of meeting and socializing with your neighbors. Electricity might be useful because it allows you more utility with nighttime hours, but being connected to the power grid reduces your separation from the outside. And so on.
– stuthulhu
How does pleading the fifth not equate to an admission of guilt to a jury?
The jury is not permitted to consider taking the fifth as an admission of guilt.
Also, it’s important to remember that the jury will never hear a defendant assert his Fifth Amendment rights on the stand, because the defendant won’t even be on the stand unless they have already waived their Fifth Amendment rights. The only people who they will hear take the Fifth are other witnesses who are not charged in that proceeding.
– Teekno
Who would win in a fight between Superman and the Hulk?
Superman Breakdown
Strength: Can lift or manipulate between 66 quintillion and 400 quintillion tons.
- Has moved the Earth around before (66 Quintillion tons)
- After being supercharged by the sun, he was quoted as being able to lift 200 quintillion tons with just one arm and stated he thinks he could lift much more. We should give him the benefit of the doubt and say with both arms he should be able to lift 400 quintillion tons.
- Can do the Infinite Mass Punch which is a punch at or near the speed of light causing the punch to impact with near infinite mass.
Durability: Superman has survived numerous attacks in the past that are quoted as being of equal power to a supernova and has experienced some even more powerful attacks.
- Can take a 10 octillion megaton yield of a relatively small supernova blast without being supercharged by the sun.
Speed: Superman is capable of Faster Than Light travel and can bend space-time around himself to go even faster. He can even go so fast he can leave our universe if he unleashes all of his barriers.
- Batman has stated that Superman’s fastest recorded speed is 10,563,300,000 mph (10.5 billion mph). That’s 15.75 times the speed of light.
- He has been compared in speed to the Flash when Superman is going his fastest and Flash is not overexerting himself.
- Batman also says that Superman can perceive things happening with Zeptosecond precision. That is one sextillionth of a second.
Weaknesses (Not including depowering ones):
- Respect for life.
- High moral standard.
- Must remove self imposed limiters and blocks sequentially to access his full power.
Hulk Breakdown
Strength: Effectively limitless depending upon his emotional state. “The madder Hulk gets, the stronger Hulk gets.” Starts out at roughly 100 tons of lifting capacity.
- After some probing, the entity Beyonder once claimed that the Hulk’s potential strength had “no finite element inside.” — “Betrayal!” Secret Wars II 8 (February 1986)
- The Hulk is also able to generate omnidirectional bursts of kinetic energy that can completely destroy the planet he is standing on. — Incredible Hulks #634-635 (2011)
- He can grow stronger from radiation. — “Planet Hulk Armageddon Part II” The Incredible Hulk v3, 105 (June 2007)
Durability: Hulks body will mutate as needed to compensate for any external threat including crushing pressure underwater, the surface of the sun and outer space as long as he stays mad.
- “Cold Storage” The Incredible Hulk v2, 394 (June 1992)
- Has withstood the equivalent of solar temperatures. — “Sins of the Father” The Incredible Hulk ’97 1 (1997) | “Hulk” World War Hulk 2 (September 2007)
- Has survived attacks that can shatter a planet. — “Kids Will Be Kids” Marvel Comics Presents 52 (June 1990) | “Heart of the Beast” Silver Surfer v3, 125(February 1997)
- Can survive outer space. — “Casus Belli” World War Hulk Prologue: World Breaker 1 (July 2007) | The Incredible Hulk #90, Nick Fury states that Hulk’s mutations can alter his body to adapt to space.
Speed: Hulk is capable of Superhuman speeds of several hundred miles per hour and can enter low Earth orbit through jumping. He can then also survive the re-entry from low orbit.
Weaknesses (Not including depowering ones):
- Dumb as a box of rocks.
- Will lash out in rage without thinking through his actions.
- Starts out at 100 tons lifting strength and only increases in strength proportional to his anger.
Fight!
I think I have to give this fight to Superman with one caveat. Superman would do everything he could to not kill the Hulk. Superman is faster and smarter and has a wide range of utility abilities at his disposal that Hulk cannot compare to. Hulk has no limit to his strength and is effectively immortal so long as he remains angry. Unfortunately Hulk also starts off much weaker and cannot easily increase his strength on demand.
This is how I see the fight playing out.
Hulk likely starts this fight with a good punch to Superman which he shrugs off as pictured above. Superman ever the reasonable one, tries to talk Hulk down but this only makes Hulk angrier and results in stronger punches. Superman might start out with a few blows to test the Hulk’s strength making Hulk very mad at the “Little blue man”. Hulk would lash out at him in return. Superman would then realize he needs to cut out some limits and ramp up in strength. Hulk would get angrier because he is “Strongest there is!” and match Superman.
Eventually Superman would move the fight to another planet possibly one of Jupiter’s moons as he did in Superman vs The Elites. He doesn’t want innocents to be harmed in the coming fight. He might take some serious blows from Hulk while trying to drag and throw him to IO. Superman would then leave IO and do an extended sundive to power-up. While he is performing his sundive he would be cutting out his limits like he normally would to prepare for interstellar travel.
Hulk would get very angry at being left there alone “Hey! This fight not OVER!” and jump off towards the sun. Strong as he is he might be moving pretty fast but nowhere near Superman’s speed. At this rate it might take Hulk a while to get back to Supes.
The now overpowered and unlimited Superman would fly back toward IO at near light speed and do an Infinite Mass Punch on the Hulk that is now hurling through space.
With Zeptosecond precision, Superman would break off his attack at the exact moment when Hulk is about to be killed. He would then throw the unconscious Hulk somewhere on Earth that is deserted and pleasant to rest.
Hulk can be overcome if he is attacked with a sufficiently strong attack to beat his resistances before he gets too angry to shrug off the attack. Superman on the other hand can willingly remove all of his barriers and boost himself with solar energy at will. This lets Superman ramp up his power faster than Hulk can boost his anger effectively beating Hulks resistance to damage. The Hulk on the other hand for all of his strength just isn’t fast enough to even hit Superman easily.
– Ariel Williams
Why does it feel like it takes a long time to travel to a place but when returning it feels like it takes less time?
An NPR article mentioned a study that concluded it is because on the way there you are focused on the time the entire way, constantly glancing at the clock to make sure you are on time. On the way home you pay less attention to the time and allow yourself to be distracted by other things, thus causing it to feel shorter.
NPR Article: Why The Trip Home Seems To Go By Faster
Why is the middle class vanishing in the US?
A few reasons to consider:
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Jobs that used to be associated with the middle class have largely moved overseas, and are likely not coming back. There are no longer as many job opportunities for people without a high level of education.
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There has been a trend whereby wealth is starting to accumulate at a faster pace for the top 10% of earners. There is debate as to why this his happening. Some people think it’s because we are crushing small businesses, and other believe it’s because the tax rate on the rich is too low.
– jfnewcombe
Why is it so easy to notice bad acting? What are good actors doing that makes them seem more natural? Is there a scientific explanation for how we tell the difference?
Humans are social animals. If you want to have a cushy life in the group, you have to pick up on lots of little cues. Body language, tone of voice, facial expression, every little detail is important and we are trained to pick up on discrepencies. A good actor has to fool you on all of these fronts. A bad actor might only fuck up on one. His smile doesnt reach his eyes. His voice doesnt sound as angry as his face looks. His face is scared but his body language says hes calm. He fucks a line or his voice cracks. Theres a million ways for his act to be off in just a tiny way, but you pick up on it because social cues are important.
– silverskull39
What methods are used by the CIA to extract information from their detainees?
The CIA, and the Senate intelligence committee, would rather avoid the word “torture,” preferring euphemisms like “enhanced interrogation techniques” and “rendition, detention and interrogation program”.Many of the techniques employed by the CIA after capturing high-value targets have been documented in CIA memos released by the Obama administration, and in numerous leaks, including a report written by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Here are some of the techniques known to have been used, and the effects on detainees:
Rectal feeding and rehydration – The torture report contains new information on the CIA’s use of rectal feeding and rehydration. At least five detainees were subjected to the process, the report states. The report details how accused USS Cole bomber Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri was placed “in a forward facing position (Trendelenburg) with head lower than torso”, whilst undergoing rectal feeding.
Another detainee, Majid Khan, a legal resident of the United States and accused confident of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, was also subjected to rectal feeding. According to a CIA cable released in the report, his “‘lunch tray’ consisting of hummus, pasta with sauce, nuts and raisins was ‘pureed and rectally infused’”.
Mohammed was also subjected to rectal rehydration “without a determination of medical need”. Mohammed’s chief interrogator described use of the process as emblematic of their “total control over the detainee”.
Abdominal Slap — The purpose was to cause the detainee to feel fear and despair, to punish certain behavior and humiliate or insult the detainee, according to a description in government documents, obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union in 2009. The interrogator stands about a foot from the detainee’s stomach, and slaps the detainee with the back of his hand. The interrogator’s hand is held with the fingers together and straight and slaps the detainee’s abdomen. The CIA was using this technique prior to 2004 without approval by the Justice Department.
Attention Grasp — The interrogator grabs the detainee by the collar, with two hands, and pulls him closer in, according to a description of the technique by former CIA acting general counsel John Rizzo. Rizzo described this technique being used on Al Qaeda operative Abu Zubaydah in his recent book, “Company Man.”
Cramped Confinement — The interrogator would put the detainee in a box, sometimes big enough to stand in, for up to 18 hours, or one only big enough to curl up in for up to two hours, Rizzo said in his book. The interrogator had the option to put a “harmless” insect inside the small box when the technique was used on Zubaydah, because he hated bugs, Rizzo said.
Dietary Manipulation — This technique involved switching from solid foods to liquid. For instance, in August 2002, Zubaydah was put on a liquid diet that consisted of Ensure and water, the Senate report said.
The Facial Hold — The interrogator holds the detainee’s head so it can’t move and puts one hand on each side of the detainee’s face, keeping fingertips away from the detainee’s eyes, Rizzo explained in his book.
The Facial Slap/Insult Slap — The interrogator slaps the detainee in the face, with fingers spread, striking between the chin and earlobe, Rizzo explained in his book. The idea, Rizzo said, was to startle or humiliate the detainee, Zubaydah, and “disabuse him of the notion that he wouldn’t be physically hit.”
Nudity — This technique was used with others. For instance, a detainee would be forced to stand for prolonged periods while nude.
Stress Positions — The purpose of these techniques are to stimulate mild discomfort from extended muscle use, according to a description in a government document obtained by the ACLU. Two such positions, used on Zubaydah, were to have him sit on the floor with his legs stretched out in front of him and his arms above his head, or kneeling on the floor while leaning back at a 45-degree angle, Rizzo said in his book.
Sleep Deprivation — Detainees were kept awake for up to 180 hours, often standing or in a stress position, the Senate report said. Sometimes, the detainees’ hands would be shackled above their heads. At least five detainees had “disturbing hallucinations” during this technique, and in two of those cases, the CIA continued the practice. One detainee, Arsala Khan, hallucinated after 56 hours of standing sleep deprivation in October 2003. After this, the CIA came to the conclusion that he “does not appear to be the subject involved in … current plans or activities against US personnel or facilities.” After about a month of detention and interrogation, the CIA recommended he be released to his village, but interrogators instead transferred him to the US military, where he remained in custody for four years.
Wall Standing — A detainee faces a wall, standing about four feet away. The interrogator has the detainee reach out his arms toward the wall so that his fingers are touching it. The detainee would have to hold that position indefinitely, according to a description by Rizzo about this technique used on Zubaydah.
Walling — Interrogators slam detainees against a wall. In one instance, Zubaydah was slammed against a concrete wall, the Senate report said. On March 22, 2003, Al Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed underwent “intense” questioning and walling. Giving up no new information, interrogators water-boarded him. After an hour of that, he said he was “ready to talk,” the CIA said.
Waterboarding — The detainee is strapped to a board or bench, and water is poured over the detainees face to simulate drowning. According to the Senate report, the technique brought on convulsions and vomiting, immediate fluid intake, and involuntary leg, chest, and arm spasms. Abu Zubaydah became “completely unresponsive, with bubbles rising through his open, full mouth.” Zubaydah was described as “hysterical” after these sessions and “distressed to a level that he was unable to effectively communicate.” At one point, Khalid Sheik Mohammad was water-boarded 65 times between the afternoon of March 12, 2003, and the morning of March 13.
Water Dousing — Naked detainees were held down on a tarp on the floor, according to the Senate report. The tarp would be pulled up around them to make a bathtub. Cold or refrigerated water would be poured on them. In some cases, detainees were hosed down over and over again as they were naked and shackled, standing in a sleep deprivation pose.
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